Configuration

run

It is common conduct to analyse energy system optimisation models for multiple scenarios for a variety of reasons, e.g. assessing their sensitivity towards changing the temporal and/or geographical resolution or investigating how investment changes as more ambitious greenhouse-gas emission reduction targets are applied.

The run section is used for running and storing scenarios with different configurations which are not covered by wildcards. It determines the path at which resources, networks and results are stored. Therefore the user can run different configurations within the same directory.

run:
  name: "Default" # use this to keep track of runs with different settings
  disable_progressbar: false # set to true to disable the progressbar
  shared_resources: false # set to true to share the default resources across runs
  shared_cutouts: true # set to true to share the default cutout(s) across runs
  validation: false # set to true to run back-casting plots

renewable:
  dataset: godeeep # [atlite, godeeep]

	Unit	Values	Description
name	–	any string	Specify a name for your run. Results will be stored under this name.
disable_progrssbar	bool	{true, false}	Switch to select whether progressbar should be disabled.
shared_resources	bool	{true, false}	Switch to select whether resources should be shared across runs.
shared_cutouts	bool	{true, false}	Switch to select whether cutouts should be shared across runs.
validation	bool	{true, false}	Switch to enable back-casting validation plotting

scenario

The scenario section is used for setting the wildcards and defining planning horizon settings. All configurations within this section are described in wildcards with the exception of planning_horizons and foresight.

Planning horizons determines which year(s) of future demand forecast to use for your planning model. To build a multi-investment period model set multiple planning_horizons: years. The foresight: option specifies whether perfect foresight or myopic foresight optimization model is developed. In perfect foresight, a monolithic model is developed where all planning_horizons specified are optimized at once, e.g. future horizon values of costs and demand are incorporated into decisions made in earlier planning horizons. Myopic optimization solves each planning horizon sequentially, and passes the results forward.

scenario:
  interconnect: [western] #"usa|texas|western|eastern"
  clusters: [33]
  simpl: [75]
  opts: [REM-3h]
  ll: [v1.0]
  sector: "" # G
  planning_horizons: [2030, 2040, 2050]    #(2018-2023, 2030, 2040, 2050)
foresight:  'perfect' # myopic, perfect

model_topology:
  transmission_network: 'reeds' # [reeds, tamu]
  topological_boundaries: 'reeds_zone' # [county, reeds_zone, state]
  interface_transmission_limits: false
  include: # mixed zone types not supported
    # reeds_zone: []
    # reeds_state: ['CA']
    # reeds_ba: []
  aggregate: # eligible keys: [reeds_zone, trans_reg]
    # trans_grp: []
    # reeds_zone: []

	Unit	Values	Description
planning_horizons	int	(2018-2023, 2030, 2040, 2050)	Specifies the year of demand data to use. Historical values will use EIA930 data, Future years will use NREL EFS data. Specify multiple planning horizons to build a multi-horizon model.
foresight	str	One of {‘perfect’,’myopic’}	Specifies foresight option for multi-horizon optimization.

snapshots

Specifies the temporal range to build an energy system model for as arguments to pandas.date_range

snapshots:
  start: "2019-01-01"
  end: "2020-01-01"
  inclusive: "left"

## For GODEEEP inputs for future scenarios, configure this
renewable_scenarios: ["rcp85cooler"] #["historical", "rcp45hotter", "rcp45cooler", "rcp85hotter", "rcp85cooler"]

# For multiple planning horizons, only specify the month and day - the year will automatically match each planning horizon (e.g., planning_horizons: [2030, 2040, 2050])
renewable_snapshots:
  start_month: 1
  start_day: 1
  end_month: 12
  end_day: 31
  end_inclusive: true  # if true, includes the end day; if false, stops before end day

	Unit	Values	Description
start	–	str or datetime-like; e.g. YYYY-MM-DD	Left bound of date range
end	–	str or datetime-like; e.g. YYYY-MM-DD	Right bound of date range
inclusive	–	One of {‘neither’, ‘both’, ‘left’, ‘right’}	Make the time interval closed to the left, right, or both sides both or neither side None.

atlite

Define and specify the atlite.Cutout used for calculating renewable potentials and time-series. All options except for features are directly used as cutout parameters

atlite:
  default_cutout: era5_2019
  nprocesses: 8
  show_progress: false # false saves time
  cutouts:
    era5_2019:
      module: era5 # in priority order
      time: ['2019', '2019']
  interconnects:
    western:
      x: [-126, -99]
      y: [27, 50]
      dx: 0.3
      dy: 0.3
    eastern:
      x: [-109, -65]
      y: [23, 50]
      dx: 0.3
      dy: 0.3
    texas:
      x: [-110, -90]
      y: [24, 37]
      dx: 0.3
      dy: 0.3
    usa:
      x: [-126, -65]
      y: [23, 50]
      dx: 0.3
      dy: 0.3

 
lines:
  types: #Temp values, replaced.
    115.: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
    138.: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
    161.: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
    230.: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
    345.: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    500.: "Al/St 560/50 4-bundle 750.0"
    765.: "Al/St 560/50 4-bundle 750.0"
 

	Unit	Values	Description
default_cutout	–	str	Defines a default cutout.
nprocesses	–	int	Number of parallel processes in cutout preparation
show_progress	bool	true/false	Whether progressbar for atlite conversion processes should be shown. False saves time.
cutouts
– {name}	–	Convention is to name cutouts like <region>-<year>-<source> (e.g. europe-2013-era5).	Name of the cutout netcdf file. The user may specify multiple cutouts under configuration atlite: cutouts:. Reference is used in configuration renewable: {technology}: cutout:. The cutout base may be used to automatically calculate temporal and spatial bounds of the network.
– – module	–	Subset of {‘era5’,’sarah’}	Source of the reanalysis weather dataset (e.g. ERA5 or SARAH-2)
– – x	°	Float interval within [-180, 180]	Range of longitudes to download weather data for. If not defined, it defaults to the spatial bounds of all bus shapes.
– – y	°	Float interval within [-90, 90]	Range of latitudes to download weather data for. If not defined, it defaults to the spatial bounds of all bus shapes.
– – dx	°	Larger than 0.25	Grid resolution for longitude
– – dy	°	Larger than 0.25	Grid resolution for latitude
– – time		Time interval within [‘1979’, ‘2018’] (with valid pandas date time strings)	Time span to download weather data for. If not defined, it defaults to the time interval spanned by the snapshots.
– – features		String or list of strings with valid cutout features (‘inlfux’, ‘wind’).	When freshly building a cutout, retrieve data only for those features. If not defined, it defaults to all available features.

electricity

Specifies the types of generators that are included in the network, which are extendable, and the CO2 base for which the optimized reduction is relative to.

electricity:
  conventional_carriers: [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, geothermal, biomass, waste] # Choose the conventional plant types to include in network
  renewable_carriers: [onwind, offwind_floating, solar, hydro] # Choose the renewable plant types to include in network
  retirement: economic # "economic" or "technical"
  SAFE_reservemargin: 0.14
  regional_Co2_limits: 'config/policy_constraints/regional_Co2_limits.csv'
  technology_capacity_targets: 'config/policy_constraints/technology_capacity_targets.csv'
  portfolio_standards: 'config/policy_constraints/portfolio_standards.csv'
  SAFE_regional_reservemargins: 'config/policy_constraints/SAFE_regional_prm.csv'
  transmission_interface_limits: 'config/policy_constraints/transmission_interface_limits.csv'

  operational_reserve:
    activate: false
    epsilon_load: 0.02
    epsilon_vres: 0.02
    contingency: 4000

  erm:  # Energy Reserve Margin - used when ERM opt is enabled
    all: 0.15  # 15% reserve margin for all regions (default)

  extendable_carriers:
    Generator: [solar, onwind, offwind_floating, OCGT, CCGT, CCGT-95CCS, coal, nuclear, hydrogen_ct] #include CCGT-CCS
    StorageUnit: [4hr_battery_storage, 8hr_battery_storage] # [Xhr-battery-storage (2-10 hours)]
    Store: []
    Link: [] 

  demand: 
    profile: efs # efs, eia
    scenario: 
      efs_case: reference # reference, medium, high
      efs_speed: moderate # slow, moderate, rapid
      aeo: reference

  demand_response:
    shift: 0
    marginal_cost: 999999

  imports:
    enable: false 
    costs: wholesale # wholesale|carrier|float
    co2_emissions: 0.428 
    capacity_limit: true 
    volume_limit: inf # 0 > x > 100 | 'inf'
    balancing_period: month # day|week|month|year

  exports:
    enable: false 
    costs: wholesale # wholesale|carrier|float
    capacity_limit: true 
    volume_limit: inf # 0 > x > 100 | 'inf'
    balancing_period: month # day|week|month|year

	Unit	Values	Description
conventional_carriers	–	Any subset of {nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, geothermal, biomass}	List of conventional power plants to include in the model from resources/powerplants.csv. If an included carrier is also listed in extendable_carriers, the capacity is taken as a lower bound.
renewable_carriers	–	Any subset of {solar, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, hydro}	List of renewable generators to include in the model.
retirement	–	One of economic or technical	Sets the retirement method for converntional generators. If technical all generators p_nom_min are set to p_nom to prevent selling off of the asset. Retirements are then tracked in post-proccessing. If economic existing plants have their p_nom_min set as 0, p_nom_max set to p_nom, and capital costs set to fixed costs. Generators with p_nom are then added to handle capacity expansion.”
operational_reserve:			Settings for reserve requirements following GenX
activate	bool	true or false	Whether to take operational reserve requirements into account during optimisation
epsilon_load	–	float	share of total load
epsilon_vres	–	float	share of total renewable supply
contingency	MW	float	fixed reserve capacity
erm:			Energy Reserve Margin settings (used when ERM opt is enabled). Ensures sufficient firm capacity to meet demand plus reserve margin at every timestep.
<region>	–	float	Reserve margin as a fraction (e.g., 0.15 for 15%). Use all for all regions, or specify region codes (state, interconnect, NERC region, or ReEDS zone). Defaults to all: 0.15 if not specified.
extendable_carriers:
Generator	–	Any extendable carrier	Defines existing or non-existing conventional and renewable power plants to be extendable during the optimization. Conventional generators can only be built/expanded where already existent today. If a listed conventional carrier is not included in the conventional_carriers list, the lower limit of the capacity expansion is set to 0.
Storage Unit	–	Any subset of {battery}	Adds extendable storage units (battery and/or hydrogen) at every node/bus after clustering without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity.
Store	–	Any subset of {battery}	Adds extendable storage units (battery and/or hydrogen) at every node/bus after clustering without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity.
Links	–	Any subset of {}	Adds extendable linksat every connection where there are lines or HVDC links without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity. Hydrogen pipelines require hydrogen storage to be modelled as Store.
demand:
profile	–	One of {efs, eia}	Datasource for electrical load data. EFS pulls future state level electrical demand data. EIA pulls historical balancing level electrical demand dataa.
scenario:
-efs_case	–	One of {reference, medium, high}	(UNDER DEVELOPMENT) Extracts EFS data according to level of adoption
-efs_speed	–	One of {slow, moderate, fast}	(UNDER DEVELOPMENT) Extracts EFS data according to speed of electrification
-aeo	–	One of the AEO scenarios here	(UNDER DEVELOPMENT) Scales future demand according to the AEO scenario
demand_response:			Settings to activate and configure demand response
-shift	per_unit	float {0 <=, >= 1} or ‘inf’	Allowable load to be shifted per snapshot. Set to 0 to turn off demand response. Set to ‘inf’ to not enforce capacity limits.
-marginal_cost	$/MWh	float {0 <=}	Cost to store one unit of energy for one hour
imports:			Configure electric imports from regions outside of model scope
-enable		true or false	Enable electric imports
-costs	$/MWh	wholesale or <name of carrier> or float	Cost of electric imports from regions outside of model scope. Wholesale will use in monthly wholesales electric prices. float will assign a user specified value. carrier will take average marginal cost of the carrier.
-co2_emissions	CO2/MWh	float	CO2 emissions of electric imports from regions outside of model scope.
-capacity_limit		true or false	Enable capacity limit for electric imports from regions outside of model scope
-volume_limit	percent	float {0 <=, >= 100} or ‘inf’	Volume limit for electric imports from regions outside of model scope (in % of total demand). Set to inf to not enforce volume limits.
-balancing_period		day or week or month or year	Balancing period for electric imports from regions outside of model scope.
exports:			Configure electric exports to regions outside of model scope
-enable		true or false	Enable electric exports
-costs	$/MWh	wholesale or <name of carrier> or float	Cost of electric imports from regions outside of model scope. Wholesale will use in monthly wholesales electric prices. float will assign a user specified value. carrier will take average marginal cost of the carrier.
-capacity_limit		true or false	Enable capacity limit for electric exports to regions outside of model scope
-volume_limit	percent	float {0 <=, >= 100} or ‘inf’	Volume limit for electric exports to regions outside of model scope (in % of total demand). Set to inf to not enforce volume limits.
-balancing_period		day or week or month or year	Balancing period for electric exports to regions outside of model scope.

renewable

solar

  solar:
    cutout: era5
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation: latitude_optimal # will lead into optimal
    capacity_per_sqkm: 4.6 # From 1.7 to 4.6 addresses issue #361 - TODO revisit this assumption
    correction_factor: 1 # 0.854337
    corine:
      grid_codes: [20, 30, 60, 90, 100] #see above for codes
    natura: true
    cec: true
    potential: conservative # simple or conservative
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    extendable: true

	Unit	Values	Description
cutout	–	Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘{interconnect}-2019-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts. Source module can be ERA5 or SARAH-2.	Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored that is specified at atlite/cutouts configuration. Both sarah and era5 work.
resource
method	–	Must be ‘pv’	A superordinate technology type.
panel	–	One of {‘Csi’, ‘CdTe’, ‘KANENA’} as defined in atlite	Specifies the solar panel technology and its characteristic attributes.
orientation
slope	°	Realistically any angle in [0., 90.]	Specifies the tilt angle (or slope) of the solar panel. A slope of zero corresponds to the face of the panel aiming directly overhead. A positive tilt angle steers the panel towards the equator.
azimuth	°	Any angle in [0., 360.]	Specifies the azimuth orientation of the solar panel. South corresponds to 180.°.
capacity_per_sqkm	\(MW/km^2\)	float	Allowable density of solar panel placement.
correction_factor	–	float	A correction factor for the capacity factor (availability) time series.
corine	–	Any subset of the Copornicus Land Cover code list (see assumptions).	Specifies areas according to Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for wind turbine placement.
natura	bool	{true, false}	Switch to exclude Protected Planet natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true.
potential	–	One of {‘simple’, ‘conservative’}	Method to compute the maximal installable potential for a node
clip_p_max_pu	p.u.	float	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
excluder_resolution	m	float	Resolution on which to perform geographical elibility analysis.

onwind

  onwind:
    cutout: era5
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: Vestas_V112_3MW
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    capacity_per_sqkm: 3 # conservative, ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2
    correction_factor: 1 # 0.93
    corine:
      #all keys labeled corrine are actually copernicus codes. Using the name corrine bc using the pypsa-eur convention: https://land.copernicus.eu/global/sites/cgls.vito.be/files/products/CGLOPS1_PUM_LC100m-V3_I3.4.pdf
      grid_codes: [20, 30, 40, 60, 100, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115]
      distance: 10 #buffer from distance_grid_codes that are to be excluded
      distance_grid_codes: [50]
    natura: true
    cec: true
    potential: conservative # simple or conservative
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    extendable: true

	Unit	Values	Description
cutout	–	Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts. Source module must be ERA5.	Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored.
resource
method	–	Must be ‘wind’	A superordinate technology type.
turbine	–	One of turbine types included in (atlite)[PyPSA/atlite]	Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve.
capacity_per_sqkm	\(MW/km^2\)	float	Allowable density of wind turbine placement.
corine
grid codes	–	Any subset of the Copornicus Land Cover code list (see assumptions).	Specifies areas according to Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for wind turbine placement.
distance	m	float	Distance to keep from areas specified in distance_grid_codes
distance_grid_codes	–	Any subset of the Copornicus Land Cover code list (see assumptions).	Specifies areas according to Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for wind turbine placement.
natura	bool	{true, false}	Switch to exclude Protected Planet natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true.
potential	–	One of {‘simple’, ‘conservative’}	Method to compute the maximal installable potential for a node
clip_p_max_pu	p.u.	float	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
correction_factor	–	float	Correction factor for capacity factor time series.

Offshore wind

  offwind:
    cutout: era5
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      # add_cutout_windspeed: true
    capacity_per_sqkm: 3 # 2021–2022 Transmission Plan, CAISO
    correction_factor: 1 # 0.8855 # proxy for wake losses, from 10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.153
    corine:
      grid_codes: [80, 200] #page 28 of https://land.copernicus.eu/global/sites/cgls.vito.be/files/products/CGLOPS1_PUM_LC100m-V3_I3.4.pdf
    natura: true
    boem_screen: False
    max_depth: 60 # meters, ref https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/66599.pdf
    min_shore_distance: 22000 # meters
    max_shore_distance: 65000 # meters
    potential: conservative # simple or conservative
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    extendable: true
  offwind_floating:
    cutout: era5
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_15MW_offshore
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    capacity_per_sqkm: 3 # 2021–2022 Transmission Plan, CAISO
    correction_factor: 1 # 0.8855 # proxy for wake losses, from 10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.153
    corine:
      grid_codes: [80, 200] #page 28 of https://land.copernicus.eu/global/sites/cgls.vito.be/files/products/CGLOPS1_PUM_LC100m-V3_I3.4.pdf
    natura: true
    boem_screen: true
    min_depth: 60 # meters, ref https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/66599.pdf
    max_depth: 1300 # meters, ref https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/83650.pdf
    min_shore_distance: 22000 # meters
    max_shore_distance: 65000 # meters
    potential: conservative # simple or conservative
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    extendable: true

lines

lines:
  s_max_pu: 0.7
  s_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 20000 #MW
  length_factor: 1.25

	Unit	Values	Description
types	–	Values should specify a line type in PyPSA. Keys should specify the corresponding voltage level (e.g. 220., 300. and 380. kV)	Specifies line types to assume for the different voltage levels of the TAMU Network.
s_max_pu	–	Value in [0.,1.]	Correction factor for line capacities (s_nom) to approximate \(N-1\) security and reserve capacity for reactive power flows
s_nom_max	MW	float	Global upper limit for the maximum capacity of each extendable line.
max_extension	MW	float	Upper limit for the extended capacity of each extendable line.
length_factor	–	float	Correction factor to account for the fact that buses are not connected by lines through air-line distance. Only used in TAMU network.

links

links:
  p_max_pu: 1.0
  p_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 20000 #MW

	Unit	Values	Description
p_max_pu	–	Value in [0.,1.]	Correction factor for link capacities p_nom.
p_nom_max	MW	float	Global upper limit for the maximum capacity of each extendable DC link.
max_extension	MW	float	Upper limit for the extended capacity of each extendable line.

co2

The co2 section specifies whether the model may use underground storage to sequester captured CO2 or not. In case underground storage is specified, each node (composing the network) has a specific storage potential and a cost associated with it. The storage potential (in tonnes) is calculated by aggregating all the underlying storage potentials of the U.S. counties encompassed in the node’s geographical area. Counties that are only partially covered by the node’s geographical area have their potential fractionated accordingly. The storage cost (in $/tonne) is calculated by weighting the potential with the cost of each county encompassed. The dataset containing information about underground CO2 storage potentials and costs at a county level (and used in PyPSA-USA) was provided by Edna Calzado at The University of Texas (Austin), which was derived from the Roads to Removal project (https://roads2removal.org). To get an illustration, enabling underground co2 storage for a sector-less network will render its topography similar to this, while for a sector-based network will render its topography similar to this. As a reference, disabling underground co2 storage (i.e. no CCTS), a sector-less network has a topography similar to this, while a sector-based network has a topography similar to this.

In addition, the section specifies whether the model may transport captured CO2 between nodes or not. In case transportation is specified, a network of CO2 pipelines is built based on the electricity grid layout represented in PyPSA-USA to determine where/how to build pipelines to connect nodes. To get an illustration, enabling co2 transport for a sector-less network will render its topography similar to this, while for a sector-based network will render its topography similar to this.

co2:
  storage: false   # [false, true]
  network:
    enable: false   # [false, true]
    capital_cost: 2736000   # in USD/12-inch diameter/mile
    marginal_cost: 4   # in USD/tCO2
    lifetime: 40   # in years
    discount_rate: 0.07

	Unit	Values	Description
storage	bool	true or false	Specifies whether the model may use underground storage to sequester captured CO2 or not. The default value is false.
network	–		Specifies whether the model may transport captured CO2 between nodes or not. In case transportation is specified, a network of CO2 pipelines is built based on the costs, discount rate, as well as the lifetime stipulated in this subsection.
– enable	bool	true or false	Enable (true) or disable (false) the capability to transport captured CO2 between nodes. The default value is false.
– capital_cost	int	$/mile	Capital cost of building one mile long CO2 pipeline. The default value is 2736000, which assumes a 12-inch diameter and a cost of $228000 per inch for each mile of CO2 pipeline built based on EPA estimation.
– marginal_cost	int	$/t	Marginal cost of transporting one tonne of captured CO2. The default value is 4, which is the average cost of transporting one tonne of captured CO2 based on NETL estimation.
– lifetime	int	year	Lifetime of a CO2 pipeline. The default value is 40, which is the average lifetime of a CO2 pipeline based on NETL estimation.
– discount_rate	float	%	Discount rate of the capital cost of building a network of CO2 pipelines. The default value is 0.07.

dac

The dac section specifies whether the model should use Direct Air Capture (DAC) or not to capture emitted CO2. DAC may operate in a multitude of scenarios depending on different granularities (or scopes) and whether the model is based on sectors or not.

For a sector-less model:

• When granularity is set to node, each node (composing the network) has a specific “air atmosphere” into which all the processes belonging to the node emit CO2. For each node, DAC is built to capture CO2 from its “air atmosphere”. To get an illustration, setting granularity to node will render the topography of a sector-less network similar to this.

• When granularity is set to state, each U.S. state (represented in the network) has a specific “air atmosphere” into which all the processes of the nodes belonging to the state emit CO2. For each node, DAC is built to capture CO2 from the state “air atmosphere” it belongs to. To get an illustration, setting granularity to state will render the topography of a sector-less network similar to this.

• When granularity is set to nation, the model only has one single “air atmosphere” into which all the processes of all the nodes emit CO2. For each node, DAC is built to capture CO2 from this “air atmosphere”. To get an illustration, setting granularity to nation will render the topography of a sector-less network similar to this.

For a sector-based model:

• When granularity is set to node, each sector/node pair has a specific “air atmosphere” into which all the processes belonging to the sector/node pair emit CO2. For each sector/node pair, DAC is built to capture CO2 from its “air atmosphere”. To get an illustration, setting granularity to node will render the topography of a sector-based network similar to this.

• When granularity is set to state, each sector/U.S. state pair has a specific “air atmosphere” into which all the processes of the nodes belonging to the state emit CO2. For each sector/node pair, DAC is built to capture CO2 from the sector/state pair’s “air atmosphere” it belongs to. To get an illustration, setting granularity to state will render the topography of a sector-based network similar to this.

• Given that a granularity set to nation does not make sense in a sector-based model, it defaults to node in this case.

dac:
  enable: false   # [false, true]
  granularity: "node"   # ["node", "state", "nation"]
  capital_cost: 6000000   # in USD/tCO2/h
  electricity_input: 2.5   # in MWh/tCO2
  lifetime: 20   # in years
  discount_rate: 0.07

	Unit	Values	Description
enable	bool	true or false	Specifies whether the model may use Direct Air Capture (DAC) to capture emitted CO2 or not. In case DAC is specified, it is built based on the costs, discount rate, as well as the lifetime stipulated in this section.
granularity	str	‘node’, ‘state’ or ‘nation’	Specifies the granularity (scope) of DAC. The default value is node.
capital_cost	int	$/tCO2/h	Capital cost of DAC to capture one tonne of CO2 per hour. The default value is 6000000, which is based on the Danish Energy Agency (DEA) estimation.
electricity_input	float	MWh/tCO2	Amount of electricity needed for DAC to capture one tonne of emitted CO2. The default value is 2.5, which is the average energy in MWh needed to capture one tonne of CO2 using electricity only (no heat) based on https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-024-00091-5 estimation.
lifetime	int	year	Lifetime of DAC. The default value is 20.
discount_rate	float	%	Discount rate of the capital cost of DAC. The default value is 0.07.

costs

    costs: wholesale # wholesale|carrier|float
    co2_emissions: 0.428 
    capacity_limit: true 
    volume_limit: inf # 0 > x > 100 | 'inf'
    balancing_period: month # day|week|month|year

  exports:
    enable: false 
    costs: wholesale # wholesale|carrier|float
    capacity_limit: true 
    volume_limit: inf # 0 > x > 100 | 'inf'
    balancing_period: month # day|week|month|year

	Unit	Values	Description
social_discount_rate	–	float; e.g. 0.02	Discount rate used for weighting multi-investment objective function values.
version	–	vX.X.X; e.g. v0.5.0	Version of technology-data repository to use.
rooftop_share	–	float	Share of rooftop PV when calculating capital cost of solar (joint rooftop and utility-scale PV).
fill_values	–	float	Default values if not specified for a technology in resources/costs.csv.
capital_cost	$/MW	Keys should be in the ‘technology’ column of resources/costs.csv. Values can be any float.	For the given technologies, assumptions about their capital investment costs are set to the corresponding value. Optional; overwrites cost assumptions from resources/costs.csv.
marginal_cost	$/MWh	Keys should be in the ‘technology’ column of resources/costs.csv. Values can be any float.	For the given technologies, assumptions about their marginal operating costs are set to the corresponding value. Optional; overwrites cost assumptions from resources/costs.csv.
emission_prices			Specify exogenous prices for emission types listed in network.carriers to marginal costs.
– enable	bool	true or false	Add cost for a carbon-dioxide price configured in costs: emission_prices: co2 to marginal_cost of generators (other emission types listed in network.carriers possible as well)
– co2	$/t	float	Exogenous price of carbon-dioxide added to the marginal costs of fossil-fuelled generators according to their carbon intensity. Added through the keyword Ep in the {opts} wildcard only in the rule :mod:prepare_network.

sector

Warning

Sector coupling studies are all under active development. More info to come!

clustering

Each clustering and interconnection option will have a different number of minimum nodes which can be clustered to, an error will be thrown in cluster_network notifying you of that number if you have selected a value too low.

Cleaned and labeled REeDs Shapes are pulled from this github repository: https://github.com/pandaanson/NYU-law-work

clustering:
  simplify_network:
    weighting_strategy: demand-capacity # choose from: [population, demand-capacity]
    to_substations: false # network is simplified to nodes with positive or negative power injection (i.e. substations or offwind connections)
    algorithm: kmeans # choose from: [hac, kmeans]
    feature: solar+onwind-time # only for hac. choose from: [solar+onwind-time, solar+onwind-cap, solar-time, solar-cap, solar+offwind-cap] etc.
  cluster_network:
    weighting_strategy: demand-capacity # choose from: [population, demand-capacity]
    algorithm: kmeans # choose from: [hac, kmeans]
    feature: solar+onwind-time
    exclude_carriers: []
    consider_efficiency_classes: false
  aggregation_strategies:
    generators:
      build_year: 'capacity_weighted_average'
      lifetime: 'capacity_weighted_average'
      start_up_cost: 'capacity_weighted_average'
      min_up_time: 'capacity_weighted_average'
      min_down_time: 'capacity_weighted_average'
      ramp_limit_up: max
      ramp_limit_down: max
      committable: any
      vom_cost: mean
      fuel_cost: mean
      heat_rate: mean
  temporal:
    resolution_elec: false
    resolution_sector: false

focus_weights:

	Unit	Value	Description
simplify_network:
weighting_strategy	str	{population, demand-capacity}	When building multiple networks, Use ‘population’ if you want to ensure the clusters are assigned constant names.
to_substations	bool	{true, false}	Implementation curerntly overrides to true. Network is simplified to substation nodes with positive or negative power injection.
algorithm	str	{‘kmeans’}
feature	str	{‘solar+onwind-time’, ‘solar+onwind-cap’, ‘solar-time’, ‘solar-cap’, ‘solar+offwind-cap’}	For HAC clustering.
cluster_network:
weighting_strategy	str	{population, demand-capacity}	When building multiple networks, Use ‘population’ if you want to ensure the clusters are assigned constant names.
algorithm	str	{‘kmeans’}
feature	str	{‘solar+onwind-time’, ‘solar+onwind-cap’, ‘solar-time’, ‘solar-cap’, ‘solar+offwind-cap’}	For HAC clustering.
aggregation_strategies:
table –> {key}	str	{‘mean’,’max’,’min’,etc}	Specifiy the method of aggregating fields within the generators, buses tables.
focus_weights:
region_name’	float		Specify the proportion of nodes to be attributed to a given zone in the form (California: 0.5) for half of all nodes to be located in California. Only used with TAMU Network

Note

feature: in simplify_network: are only relevant if hac were chosen in algorithm.

Tip

use min in p_nom_max: for more conservative assumptions.

solving

solving:
  #tmpdir: "path/to/tmp"
  options:
    load_shedding: false
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    noisy_costs: true
    skip_iterations: true
    rolling_horizon: false
    seed: 123
    # options that go into the optimize function
    track_iterations: false
    min_iterations: 4
    max_iterations: 6
    transmission_losses: 2
    linearized_unit_commitment: true
    horizon: 8760
    assign_all_duals: true


  solver:
    name: gurobi
    options: gurobi-default

  solver_options:
    highs-default:
      # refer to https://ergo-code.github.io/HiGHS/options/definitions.html#solver
      threads: 4
      solver: "ipm"
      run_crossover: "off"
      small_matrix_value: 1e-6
      large_matrix_value: 1e9
      primal_feasibility_tolerance: 1e-5
      dual_feasibility_tolerance: 1e-5
      ipm_optimality_tolerance: 1e-4
      parallel: "on"
      random_seed: 123
    gurobi-default:
      threads: 8
      method: 2 # barrier
      crossover: 0
      BarHomogeneous: 1     # Use homogeneous barrier if standard does not converge
      BarConvTol: 1.e-5
      OptimalityTol: 1.e-4
      FeasibilityTol: 1.e-3
      ScaleFlag: 1
      Seed: 123
      AggFill: 0
      PreDual: 0
      GURO_PAR_BARDENSETHRESH: 200
    gurobi-numeric-focus:
      name: gurobi
      NumericFocus: 3       # Favour numeric stability over speed
      method: 2             # barrier
      crossover: 0          # do not use crossover
      BarHomogeneous: 1     # Use homogeneous barrier if standard does not converge
      BarConvTol: 1.e-5
      FeasibilityTol: 1.e-4
      OptimalityTol: 1.e-4
      ObjScale: -0.5
      threads: 8
      Seed: 123
    gurobi-fallback:        # Use gurobi defaults
      name: gurobi
      crossover: 0
      method: 2             # barrier
      BarHomogeneous: 1     # Use homogeneous barrier if standard does not converge
      BarConvTol: 1.e-5
      FeasibilityTol: 1.e-5
      OptimalityTol: 1.e-5
      Seed: 123
      threads: 8
    cplex-default:
      threads: 4
      lpmethod: 4 # barrier
      solutiontype: 2 # non basic solution, ie no crossover
      barrier.convergetol: 1.e-5
      feasopt.tolerance: 1.e-6
    cbc-default: {} # Used in CI
    glpk-default: {} # Used in CI

  mem: 30000 #memory in MB; 20 GB enough for 50+B+I+H2; 100 GB for 181+B+I+H2
  walltime: "12:00:00"

walltime:
  build_renewable_profiles: '04:00:00'
  build_fuel_prices: '00:20:00'
  add_demand: '02:00:00'
  add_electricity: '04:00:00'
  simplify_network: '05:00:00'
  cluster_network: '04:00:00'
  solve_network: '20:00:00'

# docs :
custom_files:
  activate: false
  files_path: ''
  network_name: ''

	Unit	Values	Description
options
=– operations_only	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Overrides p_nom_extendible for other configurations and forces solution of operations only simulations. Use with co2 opt limit 1.0.
=– load_shedding	bool/float	{‘true’,’false’, float}	Add generators with very high marginal cost to simulate load shedding and avoid problem infeasibilities. If load shedding is a float, it denotes the marginal cost in $/kWh.
=– clip_p_max_pu	p.u.	float	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
=– noisy_costs	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Add random noise to marginal cost of generators by \(\mathcal{U}(0.009,0,011)\) and capital cost of lines and links by \(\mathcal{U}(0.09,0,11)\).
=– skip_iterations	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Skip iterating, do not update impedances of branches. Defaults to true.
=– rolling_horizon	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Whether to optimize the network in a rolling horizon manner, where the snapshot range is split into slices of size horizon which are solved consecutively.
=– seed	int		Random seed for increased deterministic behaviour.
=– track_iterations	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Flag whether to store the intermediate branch capacities and objective function values are recorded for each iteration in network.lines['s_nom_opt_X'] (where X labels the iteration)
=– min_iterations	–	int	Minimum number of solving iterations in between which resistance and reactence (x/r) are updated for branches according to s_nom_opt of the previous run.
=– max_iterations	–	int	Maximum number of solving iterations in between which resistance and reactence (x/r) are updated for branches according to s_nom_opt of the previous run.
=– transmission_losses	int	[0-9]	Add piecewise linear approximation of transmission losses based on n tangents. Defaults to 0, which means losses are ignored.
=– linearized_unit_commitment	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Whether to optimise using the linearized unit commitment formulation.
=– horizon	int		Number of snapshots to consider in each iteration. Defaults to 100.
solver
=– name	–	One of {‘gurobi’, ‘cplex’, ‘cbc’, ‘glpk’, ‘ipopt’}; potentially more possible	Solver to use for optimisation problems in the workflow; e.g. clustering and linear optimal power flow.
=– options	–		Name of solver_options to use from dictionary below.
solver_options		dict	Dictionary of pre-fixed solver options
mem	MB	int	Estimated maximum memory requirement for solving networks.

plotting

plotting:
  costs_max: 800
  costs_threshold: 1

  energy_max: 15000.
  energy_min: -10000.
  energy_threshold: 50.

  tech_colors:
    "onwind": "#235ebc"
    "wind": "#235ebc"
    "onshore wind": "#235ebc"
    'offwind': "#dd6895"
    'offshore wind': "#6895dd"
    'offwind-ac': "#6895dd"
    'offshore wind ac': "#6895dd"
    'offwind-dc': "#74c6f2"
    'offshore wind dc': "#74c6f2"
    'offwind_floating': "#11a1c1"
    "hydro": "#08ad97"
    "hydro+PHS": "#08ad97"
    "PHS": "#08ad97"
    "hydro reservoir": "#08ad97"
    'hydroelectricity': '#08ad97'
    "ror": "#4adbc8"
    "run of river": "#4adbc8"
    'solar': "#f9d002"
    'solar PV': "#f9d002"
    'solar thermal': '#ffef60'
    'biomass': '#0c6013'
    'solid biomass': '#06540d'
    'biogas': '#23932d'
    'waste': '#68896b'
    'geothermal': '#ba91b1'
    "OCGT": "#d35050"
    "gas": "#d35050"
    "ng": "#d35050"
    "natural gas": "#d35050"
    "CCGT": "#b20101"
    "nuclear": "#ff9000"
    "coal": "#707070"
    "lignite": "#9e5a01"
    "oil": "#262626"
    "H2": "#ea048a"
    "hydrogen storage": "#ea048a"
    "battery": "#b8ea04"
    "2hr_battery_storage": "#aee000"
    "4hr_battery_storage": "#a4d600"
    "6hr_battery_storage": "#9acc00"
    "8hr_battery_storage": "#90c200"
    "10hr_battery_storage": "#86b800"
    "Electric load": "#f9d002"
    "electricity": "#f9d002"
    "lines": "#70af1d"
    "transmission lines": "#70af1d"
    "AC-AC": "#70af1d"
    "AC line": "#70af1d"
    "AC": "#70af1d"
    "links": "#8a1caf"
    "HVDC links": "#8a1caf"
    "DC-DC": "#8a1caf"
    "DC link": "#8a1caf"
    "DC": "#8a1caf"
    "Load": "#2ad55f" 
    "imports": "#9f2ad5"
    "exports": "#B79B48"
    "res-elec": "#f9d002"
    "res-heat": "#E79CA2"
    "res-cool": "#9CE7E2"
    "com-elec": "#f9d002"
    "com-heat": "#E79CA2"
    "com-cool": "#9CE7E2"
    "ind-elec": "#f9d002"
    "ind-heat": "#E79CA2"
    "trn-elec": "#f9d002"
    "coal-95CCS": "#4b4b4b"
    "coal-99CCS": "#2e2e2e"
    "coal-95CC": "#4b4b4b"
    "coal-99CC": "#2e2e2e"
    "SMR": "#ff5733"
    "CCGT-95CCS": "#800000"
    "CCGT-95CC": "#800000"
    "8hr_PHS": "#069686"
    "10hr_PHS": "#058a79"
    "12hr_PHS": "#047d6c"    
    "8hr_PHS_discharger": "#069686"
    "10hr_PHS_discharger": "#058a79"
    "12hr_PHS_discharger": "#047d6c"
    "8hr_PHS_charger": "#069686"
    "10hr_PHS_charger": "#058a79"
    "12hr_PHS_charger": "#047d6c"  
    "hydrogen_ct": "#ea048a"
    "demand_response": "#8c03fc"
    "dac": "#4c004c"

    # sector studies only 

    lpg: "#70217b"
    ch4: "#539307"
    co2: "#cd7e0d"

    res-elec: "#f9d002"
    res-total-elec: "#f9d002"
    res-urban-elec: "#f9d002"
    res-rural-elec: "#f9d002"
    res-heat: "#E79CA2"
    res-total-heat: "#E79CA2"
    res-urban-heat: "#E79CA2"
    res-rural-heat: "#E79CA2"
    res-cool: "#9CE7E2"
    res-total-cool: "#9CE7E2"
    res-urban-cool: "#9CE7E2"
    res-rural-cool: "#9CE7E2"

    com-elec: "#f9d002"
    com-total-elec: "#f9d002"
    com-urban-elec: "#f9d002"
    com-rural-elec: "#f9d002"
    com-heat: "#E79CA2"
    com-total-heat: "#E79CA2"
    com-urban-heat: "#E79CA2"
    com-rural-heat: "#E79CA2"
    com-cool: "#9CE7E2"
    com-total-cool: "#9CE7E2"
    com-urban-cool: "#9CE7E2"
    com-rural-cool: "#9CE7E2"

    ind-elec: "#f9d002"
    ind-heat: "#E79CA2"
    trn-elec: "#f9d002"

    "gas storage": "#f69d09"
    "gas pipeline": "#f69d09"
    "gas trade": "ae3dc2"
    "gas production": "#d35050"

    trn-veh: "#0a0100"
    trn-veh-lgt: "#0a0100"
    trn-veh-med: "#0a0100"
    trn-veh-hvy: "#0a0100"
    trn-veh-bus: "#0a0100"

    trn-elec-veh: "#0a0100"
    trn-elec-veh-lgt: "#2BAAD4"
    trn-elec-veh-med: "#2FD085"
    trn-elec-veh-hvy: "#6DCD32"
    trn-elec-veh-bus: "#d3d32c"
    trn-lpg: "#0a0100"
    trn-lpg-veh: "#0a0100"
    trn-lpg-veh-lgt: "#D4552B"
    trn-lpg-veh-med: "#D02F7A"
    trn-lpg-veh-hvy: "#9232CD"
    trn-lpg-veh-bus: "#2C2CD3"

    trn-rail: "#0a0100"
    trn-rail-psg: "#0a0100"
    trn-rail-ship: "#0a0100"
    trn-lpg-rail: "#0a0100"
    trn-lpg-rail-psg: "#9F9160"
    trn-lpg-rail-ship: "#606E9F"

    trn-air: "#0a0100"
    trn-air-psg: "#0a0100"
    trn-lpg-air: "#0a0100"
    trn-lpg-air-psg: "#A45B75"

    trn-boat: "#0a0100"
    trn-boat-ship: "#0a0100"
    trn-lpg-boat: "#0a0100"
    trn-lpg-boat-ship: "#5BA48A"

    res-space-heat: "#F10E1B"
    com-space-heat: "#F10E1B"
    res-water-heat: "#F10E1B"
    com-water-heat: "#F10E1B"
    res-rural-cool: "#196CE6"
    com-rural-cool: "#196CE6"
    res-urban-cool: "#196CE6"
    com-urban-cool: "#196CE6"
    res-total-cool: "#196CE6"
    com-total-cool: "#196CE6"
    res-rural-space-heat: "#F10E1B"
    com-rural-space-heat: "#F10E1B"
    res-urban-space-heat: "#F10E1B"
    com-urban-space-heat: "#F10E1B"
    res-total-space-heat: "#F10E1B"
    com-total-space-heat: "#F10E1B"
    res-rural-water-heat: "#E817C3"
    com-rural-water-heat: "#E817C3"
    res-urban-water-heat: "#E817C3"
    com-urban-water-heat: "#E817C3"
    res-total-water-heat: "#E817C3"
    com-total-water-heat: "#E817C3"
    res-rural-air-con: "#3B98C4"
    com-rural-air-con: "#3B98C4"
    res-urban-air-con: "#3B98C4"
    com-urban-air-con: "#3B98C4"
    res-total-air-con: "#3B98C4"
    com-total-air-con: "#3B98C4"
    res-rural-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    com-rural-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    res-urban-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    com-urban-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    res-total-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    com-total-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    res-rural-space-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    com-rural-space-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    res-urban-space-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    com-urban-space-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    res-total-space-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    com-total-space-gas-furnace: "#F68D09"
    res-rural-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    com-rural-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    res-urban-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    com-urban-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    res-total-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    com-total-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    res-rural-space-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    com-rural-space-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    com-urban-space-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    res-urban-space-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    com-total-space-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    res-total-space-oil-furnace: "#006B88"
    res-rural-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    com-rural-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    res-urban-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    com-urban-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    res-total-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    com-total-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    res-rural-space-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    com-rural-space-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    com-urban-space-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    res-urban-space-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    com-total-space-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    res-total-space-elec-furnace: "#DCEC13"
    res-rural-water-gas: "#D87627"
    com-rural-water-gas: "#D87627"
    res-urban-water-gas: "#D87627"
    com-urban-water-gas: "#D87627"
    res-total-water-gas: "#D87627"
    com-total-water-gas: "#D87627"
    res-rural-water-oil: "#774115"
    com-rural-water-oil: "#774115"
    res-urban-water-oil: "#774115"
    com-urban-water-oil: "#774115"
    res-total-water-oil: "#774115"
    com-total-water-oil: "#774115"
    res-rural-water-elec: "#5CDC23"
    com-rural-water-elec: "#5CDC23"
    res-urban-water-elec: "#5CDC23"
    com-urban-water-elec: "#5CDC23"
    res-total-water-elec: "#5CDC23"
    com-total-water-elec: "#5CDC23"
    res-rural-ashp: "#E14C1E"
    com-rural-ashp: "#E14C1E"
    res-urban-ashp: "#E14C1E"
    com-urban-ashp: "#E14C1E"
    res-total-ashp: "#E14C1E"
    com-total-ashp: "#E14C1E"
    res-rural-gshp: "#D926A6"
    com-rural-gshp: "#D926A6"
    res-urban-gshp: "#D926A6"
    com-urban-gshp: "#D926A6"
    res-total-gshp: "#D926A6"
    com-total-gshp: "#D926A6"
    res-rural-space-heat-store: "#3096CF"
    com-rural-space-heat-store: "#3096CF"
    res-urban-space-heat-store: "#3096CF"
    com-urban-space-heat-store: "#3096CF"
    res-total-space-heat-store: "#3096CF"
    com-total-space-heat-store: "#3096CF"
    res-elec-infra: "#9CD926"
    com-elec-infra: "#9CD926"

    ind-coal-furnace: "#EC13B4"
    ind-heat-pump: "#E83E17"
    ind-gas-furnace: "#E0AE1F"
    ind-elec-infra: "#9CD926"

    res-total-elec-dr: "#45ba75"
    res-urban-elec-dr: "#45ba75"
    res-rural-elec-dr: "#45ba75"
    res-total-heat-dr: "#BA458A"
    res-urban-heat-dr: "#BA458A"
    res-rural-heat-dr: "#BA458A"
    res-total-space-heat-dr: "#A55A80"
    res-urban-space-heat-dr: "#A55A80"
    res-rural-space-heat-dr: "#A55A80"
    res-total-water-heat-dr: "#A844BB"
    res-urban-water-heat-dr: "#A844BB"
    res-rural-water-heat-dr: "#A844BB"
    res-total-cool-dr: "#4692B9"
    res-urban-cool-dr: "#4692B9"
    res-rural-cool-dr: "#4692B9"

    com-total-elec-dr: "#45ba75"
    com-urban-elec-dr: "#45ba75"
    com-rural-elec-dr: "#45ba75"
    com-total-heat-dr: "#BA458A"
    com-urban-heat-dr: "#BA458A"
    com-rural-heat-dr: "#BA458A"
    com-total-space-heat-dr: "#A55A80"
    com-urban-space-heat-dr: "#A55A80"
    com-rural-space-heat-dr: "#A55A80"
    com-total-water-heat-dr: "#A844BB"
    com-urban-water-heat-dr: "#A844BB"
    com-rural-water-heat-dr: "#A844BB"
    com-total-cool-dr: "#4692B9"
    com-urban-cool-dr: "#4692B9"
    com-rural-cool-dr: "#4692B9"

    ind-elec-dr: "#45ba75"
    ind-heat-dr: "#BA458A"

    trn-elec-dr: "#45ba75"
    trn-elec-veh-dr: "#45ba75"

  nice_names:
    OCGT: "Open-Cycle Gas"
    CCGT: "Combined-Cycle Gas"
    offwind: "Fixed Bottom Offshore Wind"
    offwind_floating: "Floating Offshore Wind"
    onwind: "Onshore Wind"
    solar: "Solar"
    PHS: "Pumped Hydro Storage"
    hydro: "Reservoir & Dam"
    battery: "Battery Storage"
    H2: "Hydrogen Storage"
    lines: "Transmission Lines"
    ror: "Run of River"
    Load: "Load Shed"
    hydrogen_ct: "Hydrogen Combustion Turbine"
    demand_response: "Demand Response"
    dac: "Direct Air Capture"
    imports: "Electricity Imports"
    exports: "Electricity Exports"

    # sector studies only 

    lpg: "Motor Oil"
    ch4: "Methane"
    co2: "Carbon Dioxide"

    res-elec: "Residential Electrical"
    res-total-elec: "Residential Electrical"
    res-urban-elec: "Residential Urban Electrical"
    res-rural-elec: "Residential Rural Electrical"
    res-heat: "Residential Heating"
    res-total-heat: "Residential Heating"
    res-urban-heat: "Residential Urban Heating"
    res-rural-heat: "Residential Rural Heating"
    res-cool: "Residential Cooling"
    res-total-cool: "Residential Cooling"
    res-urban-cool: "Residential Urban Cooling"
    res-rural-cool: "Residential Rural Cooling"

    com-elec: "Commercial Electrical"
    com-total-elec: "Commercial Electrical"
    com-urban-elec: "Commercial Electrical"
    com-rural-elec: "Commercial Electrical"
    com-heat: "Commercial Heating"
    com-total-heat: "Commercial Heating"
    com-urban-heat: "Commercial Urban Heating"
    com-rural-heat: "Commercial Rural Heating"
    com-cool: "Commercial Cooling"
    com-total-cool: "Commercial Cooling"
    com-urban-cool: "Commercial Urban Cooling"
    com-rural-cool: "Commercial Rural Cooling"

    ind-elec: "Industrial Electrical"
    ind-heat: "Industrial Heating"
    trn-elec: "Transportation Electrical"

    "gas storage": "Natural Gas Storage"
    "gas pipeline": "Natural Gas Pipeline"
    "gas trade": "Natural Gas Trading"
    "gas production": "Natural Gas Production"

    trn-veh: "Vehicles"
    trn-veh-lgt: "Light-Duty Vehicles"
    trn-veh-med: "Medium-Duty Vehicles"
    trn-veh-hvy: "Heavy-Duty Vehicles"
    trn-veh-bus: "Buses"

    trn-elec-veh: "Electric Vehicles"
    trn-elec-veh-lgt: "Light Duty EV"
    trn-elec-veh-med: "Medium Duty EV"
    trn-elec-veh-hvy: "Heavy Duty EV"
    trn-elec-veh-bus: "Electric Bus"
    trn-lpg: "Transportaion Gas"
    trn-lpg-veh: "Gas Vehicles"
    trn-lpg-veh-lgt: "Light Duty ICE"
    trn-lpg-veh-med: "Medium Duty ICE"
    trn-lpg-veh-hvy: "Heavy Duty ICE"
    trn-lpg-veh-bus: "Gas Bus"

    trn-rail: "Rail"
    trn-rail-psg: "Passenger Rail"
    trn-rail-ship: "Shipping Rail"
    trn-lpg-rail: "Rail Oil"
    trn-lpg-rail-psg: "Passenger Rail Oil"
    trn-lpg-rail-ship: "Shipping Rail Oil"

    trn-air: "Airplane"
    trn-air-psg: "Passenger Airplane"
    trn-lpg-air: "Airplane Gas"
    trn-lpg-air-psg: "Passenger Air Gas"

    trn-boat: "Marine Shipping"
    trn-boat-ship: "Marine Shipping"
    trn-lpg-boat: "Domestic Marine Shipping Gas"
    trn-lpg-boat-ship: "Domestic Marine Shipping Gas"

    res-space-heat: "Space Heat"
    com-space-heat: "Space Heat"
    res-water-heat: "Water Heat"
    com-water-heat: "Water Heat"
    res-rural-cool: "Cool"
    com-rural-cool: "Cool"
    res-urban-cool: "Cool"
    com-urban-cool: "Cool"
    res-total-cool: "Cool"
    com-total-cool: "Cool"
    res-rural-space-heat: "Space Heat"
    com-rural-space-heat: "Space Heat"
    res-urban-space-heat: "Space Heat"
    com-urban-space-heat: "Space Heat"
    res-total-space-heat: "Space Heat"
    com-total-space-heat: "Space Heat"
    res-rural-water-heat: "Water Heat"
    com-rural-water-heat: "Water Heat"
    res-urban-water-heat: "Water Heat"
    com-urban-water-heat: "Water Heat"
    res-total-water-heat: "Water Heat"
    com-total-water-heat: "Water Heat"
    res-rural-air-con: "Air Conditioner"
    com-rural-air-con: "Air Conditioner"
    res-urban-air-con: "Air Conditioner"
    com-urban-air-con: "Air Conditioner"
    res-total-air-con: "Air Conditioner"
    com-total-air-con: "Air Conditioner"
    res-rural-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    com-rural-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    res-urban-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    com-urban-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    res-total-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    com-total-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    res-rural-space-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    com-rural-space-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    res-urban-space-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    com-urban-space-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    res-total-space-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    com-total-space-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    res-rural-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    com-rural-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    res-urban-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    com-urban-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    res-total-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    com-total-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    res-rural-space-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    com-rural-space-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    com-urban-space-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    res-urban-space-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    com-total-space-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    res-total-space-oil-furnace: "Oil Furnace"
    res-rural-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    com-rural-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    res-urban-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    com-urban-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    res-total-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    com-total-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    res-rural-space-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    com-rural-space-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    com-urban-space-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    res-urban-space-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    com-total-space-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    res-total-space-elec-furnace: "Electric Furnace"
    res-rural-water-gas: "Gas Water Heater"
    com-rural-water-gas: "Gas Water Heater"
    res-urban-water-gas: "Gas Water Heater"
    com-urban-water-gas: "Gas Water Heater"
    res-total-water-gas: "Gas Water Heater"
    com-total-water-gas: "Gas Water Heater"
    res-rural-water-oil: "Oil Water Heater"
    com-rural-water-oil: "Oil Water Heater"
    res-urban-water-oil: "Oil Water Heater"
    com-urban-water-oil: "Oil Water Heater"
    res-total-water-oil: "Oil Water Heater"
    com-total-water-oil: "Oil Water Heater"
    res-rural-water-elec: "Electric Water Heater"
    com-rural-water-elec: "Electric Water Heater"
    res-urban-water-elec: "Electric Water Heater"
    com-urban-water-elec: "Electric Water Heater"
    res-total-water-elec: "Electric Water Heater"
    com-total-water-elec: "Electric Water Heater"
    res-rural-ashp: "Air Source Heat Pump"
    com-rural-ashp: "Air Source Heat Pump"
    res-urban-ashp: "Air Source Heat Pump"
    com-urban-ashp: "Air Source Heat Pump"
    res-total-ashp: "Air Source Heat Pump"
    com-total-ashp: "Air Source Heat Pump"
    res-rural-gshp: "Ground Source Heat Pump"
    com-rural-gshp: "Ground Source Heat Pump"
    res-urban-gshp: "Ground Source Heat Pump"
    com-urban-gshp: "Ground Source Heat Pump"
    res-total-gshp: "Ground Source Heat Pump"
    com-total-gshp: "Ground Source Heat Pump"
    res-rural-space-heat-store: "Building Insulation"
    com-rural-space-heat-store: "Building Insulation"
    res-urban-space-heat-store: "Building Insulation"
    com-urban-space-heat-store: "Building Insulation"
    res-total-space-heat-store: "Building Insulation"
    com-total-space-heat-store: "Building Insulation"
    res-elec-infra: "Electric Distribution"
    com-elec-infra: "Electric Distribution"

    ind-coal-furnace: "Coal furnace"
    ind-heat-pump: "Heat Pump"
    ind-gas-furnace: "Gas Furnace"
    ind-elec-infra: "Electric Distribution"

    res-total-elec-dr: Electric Demand Response 
    res-urban-elec-dr: Urban Electric Demand Response 
    res-rural-elec-dr: Rural Electric Demand Response 
    res-total-heat-dr: Heating Demand Response 
    res-urban-heat-dr: Urban Heating Demand Response 
    res-rural-heat-dr: Rural Heating Demand Response 
    res-total-space-heat-dr: Space Heating Demand Response 
    res-urban-space-heat-dr: Urban Space Heating Demand Response 
    res-rural-space-heat-dr: Rural Space Heating Demand Response 
    res-total-water-heat-dr: Water Heating Demand Response 
    res-urban-water-heat-dr: Urban Water Heating Demand Response 
    res-rural-water-heat-dr: Rural Water Heating Demand Response 
    res-total-cool-dr: Cooling Demand Response 
    res-urban-cool-dr: Urban Cooling Demand Response 
    res-rural-cool-dr: Rural Cooling Demand Response 

    com-total-elec-dr: Electric Demand Response 
    com-urban-elec-dr: Urban Electric Demand Response 
    com-rural-elec-dr: Rural Electric Demand Response 
    com-total-heat-dr: Heating Demand Response 
    com-urban-heat-dr: Urban Heating Demand Response 
    com-rural-heat-dr: Rural Heating Demand Response 
    com-total-space-heat-dr: Space Heating Demand Response 
    com-urban-space-heat-dr: Urban Space Heating Demand Response 
    com-rural-space-heat-dr: Rural Space Heating Demand Response 
    com-total-water-heat-dr: Water Heating Demand Response 
    com-urban-water-heat-dr: Urban Water Heating Demand Response 
    com-rural-water-heat-dr: Rural Water Heating Demand Response 
    com-total-cool-dr: Cooling Demand Response 
    com-urban-cool-dr: Urban Cooling Demand Response 
    com-rural-cool-dr: Rural Cooling Demand Response 

    ind-elec-dr: Electric Demand Response 
    ind-heat-dr: Heating Demand Response 

    trn-elec-dr: Electric Demand Response 
    trn-elec-veh-dr: Electric Demand Response 

	Unit	Values	Description
map
– boundaries	°	[x1,x2,y1,y2]	Boundaries of the map plots in degrees latitude (y) and longitude (x)
costs_max	bn $o	float	Upper y-axis limit in cost bar plots.
costs_threshold	bn $o	float	Threshold below which technologies will not be shown in cost bar plots.
energy_max	TWh	float	Upper y-axis limit in energy bar plots.
energy_min	TWh	float	Lower y-axis limit in energy bar plots.
energy_threshold	TWh	float	Threshold below which technologies will not be shown in energy bar plots.
tech_colors	–	carrier -> HEX colour code	Mapping from network carrier to a colour ([HEX colour code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet)).
nice_names	–	str -> str	Mapping from network carrier to a more readable name.